One of the most frequent tasks when working with a DataFrame is isolating one or more columns. Perhaps you only need the names and ages from a larger dataset, or you want to perform calculations on a specific numerical column. Pandas provides straightforward ways to achieve this.

Let's start with a sample DataFrame to illustrate the concepts. Imagine we have data about individuals, including their name, age, city, and salary:

import pandas as pd

data = {'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David'],
        'Age': [25, 30, 35, 40],
        'City': ['New York', 'Los Angeles', 'Chicago', 'Houston'],
        'Salary': [70000, 80000, 90000, 100000]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print("Original DataFrame:")
print(df)

Output:

Original DataFrame:
      Name  Age         City  Salary
0    Alice   25     New York   70000
1      Bob   30  Los Angeles   80000
2  Charlie   35      Chicago   90000
3    David   40      Houston  100000

Selecting a Single Column

The most direct way to select a single column is by using square brackets [] with the column's name (as a string) inside:

# Select the 'Name' column
names = df['Name']

print("Selected 'Name' column:")
print(names)
print("\nType of the selected object:", type(names))

Output:

Selected 'Name' column:
0      Alice
1        Bob
2    Charlie
3      David
Name: Name, dtype: object

Type of the selected object: <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>

Notice that selecting a single column this way returns a Pandas Series object, not a DataFrame. A Series is like a one-dimensional labeled array, holding the data for that column along with its index.

Selecting Multiple Columns

To select multiple columns, you again use square brackets []. However, inside the brackets, you provide a list of the column names you want to select:

# Select the 'Name' and 'City' columns
subset = df[['Name', 'City']]

print("Selected 'Name' and 'City' columns:")
print(subset)
print("\nType of the selected object:", type(subset))

Output:

Selected 'Name' and 'City' columns:
      Name         City
0    Alice     New York
1      Bob  Los Angeles
2  Charlie      Chicago
3    David      Houston

Type of the selected object: <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>

Important observation: When you select multiple columns using a list within the brackets [['Col1', 'Col2']], the result is a new DataFrame containing only the specified columns, in the order you listed them.

An Alternative: Dot Notation

Pandas also allows accessing a single column using dot notation, similar to accessing attributes of an object, provided the column name is a valid Python identifier (e.g., no spaces, doesn't start with a number, doesn't conflict with existing DataFrame methods):

# Select the 'Age' column using dot notation
ages_dot = df.Age

print("Selected 'Age' column using dot notation:")
print(ages_dot)
print("\nType of the selected object:", type(ages_dot))

Output:

Selected 'Age' column using dot notation:
0    25
1    30
2    35
3    40
Name: Age, dtype: int64

Type of the selected object: <class 'pandas.core.series.Series'>

Like bracket notation for a single column, dot notation also returns a Series.

Why Prefer Bracket Notation (`[]`)?

While dot notation can be convenient for quick access, bracket notation (df['Column'] or df[['Col1', 'Col2']]) is generally recommended for selecting columns, especially for beginners, for a few significant reasons:

Handles All Column Names: Bracket notation works with any column name, including those containing spaces, special characters, or numbers (e.g., df['First Name'], df['Sales 2023']). Dot notation fails for such names.
Avoids Conflicts: A column name might clash with an existing DataFrame method or attribute (e.g., if you had a column named count, df.count would refer to the method, not your column). Bracket notation (df['count']) avoids this ambiguity.
Consistency: Bracket notation is used for both single and multiple column selection (by passing a string vs. a list of strings). It's also closely related to the .loc and .iloc indexers we will see shortly, providing a more consistent syntax pattern.
Assignment: Assigning values to a column requires bracket notation (e.g., df['New Column'] = values).

For these reasons, while you might encounter dot notation in examples, sticking to bracket notation for column selection promotes clearer and less error-prone code.

Selecting the right columns is often the first step in isolating the data you need for further analysis or processing. As we move forward, we'll see how to combine column selection with row selection for more powerful data retrieval.

Selecting a Single Column

Selecting Multiple Columns

An Alternative: Dot Notation

Why Prefer Bracket Notation ([])?

Why Prefer Bracket Notation (`[]`)?

Selecting Columns