Training a neural network is an iterative optimization process. You provide the model with data, measure how inaccurate its predictions are, and then adjust its internal parameters (weights and biases) slightly to reduce that inaccuracy. This cycle repeats many times. The code structure that manages this repetitive process is commonly referred to as the training loop.

Overall Structure: Epochs and Batches

At a high level, training usually involves two nested loops:

1. The Outer Loop (Epochs): An epoch signifies one full pass over the entire training dataset. Training typically spans multiple epochs, allowing the model to see and learn from each data sample multiple times. The number of epochs is a hyperparameter you choose based on how long it takes for the model's performance to stabilize or stop improving.
2. The Inner Loop (Batches): Processing the entire dataset at once is often computationally infeasible due to memory constraints. Instead, within each epoch, we iterate through the dataset in smaller segments called batches. The DataLoader you learned about previously is responsible for providing these batches. Training in batches is memory-efficient and can also lead to more stable convergence and better generalization compared to processing samples one by one or using the entire dataset at once.

Core Steps Within Each Batch Iteration

For every batch processed within an epoch, the training loop executes a sequence of well-defined steps. Let's break down what happens in a typical iteration:

1. Get Data: Retrieve the next batch of input data (features) and their corresponding target labels from the DataLoader. It's also important at this stage to ensure the data is transferred to the correct computational device (CPU or GPU) where your model parameters reside.
2. Zero Gradients: Before computing gradients for the current batch, you must explicitly reset the gradients accumulated from the previous iteration. If you forget this step, gradients will sum up across batches, leading to incorrect updates and likely divergence during training. This is done by calling the zero_grad() method on your optimizer object.

Code: Reset gradients before the new batch processing

optimizer.zero_grad()
```

3. Forward Pass: Feed the batch of input features into your model. The model processes the data through its layers, applying learned weights and activation functions, ultimately producing a batch of predictions or outputs. ```python

Code: Get model predictions

predictions = model(input_batch)
```

4. Calculate Loss: Compare the model's predictions against the true target_batch using your chosen loss function (criterion), such as nn.CrossEntropyLoss for classification or nn.MSELoss for regression. The loss function returns a single scalar value representing the average error or discrepancy for the current batch. This value indicates how well (or poorly) the model performed on this specific batch. ```python

Code: Compute the loss

loss = criterion(predictions, target_batch)
```

5. Backpropagation: This is where PyTorch's automatic differentiation engine, Autograd, calculates the gradients. Calling $loss.backward() computes the gradient of the loss scalar with respect to every model parameter that has requires_grad=True (which is the default for parameters within nn.Module). These gradients represent the sensitivity of the loss to changes in each parameter; essentially, they tell the optimizer how to adjust each weight to decrease the loss. ```python

Code: Compute gradients via backpropagation

loss.backward()
```

6. Update Weights (Optimizer Step): With the gradients computed, the optimizer can now adjust the model's parameters. Calling $optimizer.step() updates each parameter based on its computed gradient and the optimizer's specific algorithm (like SGD with momentum, Adam, etc.). The goal is to take a small step in the direction that minimizes the loss. ```python

Code: Update model parameters

optimizer.step()
```

These six steps form the core of one iteration within the training loop. This cycle is repeated for every batch provided by the DataLoader. Once all batches have been processed, one epoch is complete, and the outer loop begins the next epoch, repeating the entire batch iteration process.

Flow diagram illustrating the sequence of operations within a single batch iteration of the PyTorch training loop.